Catalog Number: TP-241

Size: Protein A purified rabbit immunoglobulins, 0.2 mg

Product Description and Usage: For research use only. This polyclonal antibody, which reacts with mouse BLC, was generated using E. coli-expressed mouse BLC as an immunogen. The tested titer forWestern blot is 1:5,000. Cross-reactivity to BLC of other species has not been determined.

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Background: BLC (B-lymphocyte chemoattractant, murine equivalent of human B cell-attracting chemokine-1, BCA-1) is a 12 kDa, recently characterized ELR-CXC chemokine. BLC showed high levels of expression in spleen, Peyer's patches, and mesenteric lymph nodes. It is reported as the ligand of CXCR5. It attracts primarily B cells in vitro. Cell lines transfected with CXCR5 demonstrate both chemotaxis and calcium flux in response to BLC.

References:

1. Gunn, M., et al. (1998) A B-cell-homing chemokine made in lymphoid follicles activates Burkitt's lymphoma receptor-1. Nature 391:799-803

2. Legler, D., et al. (1998) B cell attracting chemokine 1, a human CXC chemokine expressed in lymphoid tissues, selectively attracts B lymphocytes via BLR1/CXCR5. J Exp Med. 187(4):655-660

Catalog Number: TP-214

Size: Purified rabbit immunoglobulins, 0.5 mg

Product Description and Usage: For research use only. This polyclonal antibody, which reacts with recombinant and natural human eotaxin, was generated using E. coli-expressed amino acid 1-74 of mature human eotaxin as an immunogen. The tested titer for Western blot is 1:5,000. There is no cross-reactivity to mouse eotaxin; cross reactivity to eotaxin of other species has not been determined.

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Background: Eotaxin is a 74-amino acid, eosinophil-chemotactic CC chemokine originally found in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from allergic inflammatory subjects. The chemokine is involved in regulating the recruitment and activation of inflammatory leukocytes, particularly eosinophils. Eotaxin binds and activates the CCR3 chemokine receptor, and may play a fundamental role in the development of allergic responses.

References:

1. Jose, P.J. et al. (1994) Eotaxin: a potent eosinophil chemoattractant cytokine detected in a guinea pig model of allergic airways inflammation. J Exp Med 179: 881-887

2. Kitaura, M. et al. (1996) Molecular cloning of human eotaxin, an eosinophil-selective CC chemokine, and identification of a specific eosinophil eotaxin receptor, CC chemokine receptor 3. J Biol Chem 271:7725-7730

3. Garcia-Zepeda, E.A. et al. (1996) Human eotaxin is a specific chemoattractant for eosinophil cells and provides a new mechanism to explain tissue eosinophilia. Nat Med 2:449-456

Catalog Number: TP-215

Size: Purified rabbit immunoglobulins, 0.5 mg

Product Description and Usage: For research use only. This polyclonal antibody, which reacts with recombinant and natural mouse eotaxin, was generated using E. coli-expressed amino acid 1-74 of mature mouse eotaxin as an immunogen. The tested titer for Western blot is 1:2,000. Cross-reactivity to eotaxin of other species has not been determined.

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Background: Eotaxin is a 74-amino acid eosinophil-chemotactic CC chemokine originally found in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from allergic inflammatory subjects. It is involved in regulating the recruitment and activation of inflammatory leukocytes, particularly eosinophils. It may play a fundamental role in the development of allergic responses.

References:

1. Jose, P.J. et al. (1994) Eotaxin: a potent eosinophil chemoattractant cytokine detected in a guinea pig model of allergic airways inflammation. J Exp Med 179: 881-887

2. Kitaura, M. et al. (1996) Molecular cloning of human eotaxin, an eosinophil-selective CC chemokine, and identification of a specific eosinophil eotaxin receptor, CC chemokine receptor 3. J Biol Chem 271:7725-7730

3. Garcia-Zepeda, E.A. et al. (1996) Human eotaxin is a specific chemoattractant for eosinophil cells and provides a new mechanism to explain tissue eosinophilia. Nat Med 2:449-456

4. Ganzalo, J.S. et al. (1996) Mouse eotaxin expression parallels eosinophil accumulation during lung allergic inflammation but it is not restricted to a Th2-type response. Immunity 4:1-14

Catalog Number: TP-213

Size: Purified rabbit immunoglobulins, 0.5 mg

Product Description and Usage: For research use only. This neutralizing polyclonal antibody, which reacts with recombinant and natural fractalkine of mouse, rat, and human, was generated using E. coli-expressed chemotactic domain of human fractalkine as an immunogen. To achieve best results, titrate antibody by dilution for each application as follows: Western blot (1:1,000-1:5,000);Immunoprecipitation (1:300-1:800); Immunohistochemistry (1:100-1:500). Cross-reactivity to fractalkine of other species has not been determined.

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Background: Fractalkine, also known as neurotactin, is a membrane-bound CX3C chemokine. The mature protein is part of a 397-amino acid precursor and consists of a chemokine domain of 76 amino acids, a mucin stalk of 241 amino acids, a putative transmembrane domain of 18 amino acids, and an intracellular tail of 37 amino acids. Within the chemokine domain the first two cysteine residues are separated by 3 amino acids (CX3C). Fractalkine message is found in high abundance in the brain, kidney, lung and heart tissues. Fractalkine is chemotactic for monocytes and other leukocytes including NK cells and may play a role in brain inflammation.

References:

1. Bazan, J.F. et al. (1997) A new class of membrane-bound chemokine with a CX3C motif. Nature 385:640-644

2. Pan, Y. et al. (1997) Neurotactin, a membrane-anchored chemokine upregulated in brain inflammation. Nature 387:611-617

3. Imai, T. et al. (1997) Identification and molecular characterization of fractalkine receptor CX3CR1, which mediates both leukocyte migration and adhesion. Cell 91:521-530

Catalog Number: TP-237

Size: Protein A purified rabbit immunoglobulins, 0.2 mg

Product Description and Usage: For research use only.This polyclonal antibody, which reacts with recombinant and natural human fractalkine, was generated using E. coli-expressed intracellular domain (aa 379-397) of human fractalkine as an immunogen. This antibody has been tested on Western blot at the dilution of 1:2,000. Cross-reactivity to fractalkine of other species has not been determined.

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Background: Fractalkine, also known as neurotactin, is a membrane-bound CX3C chemokine. The mature protein is part of a 397-amino acid precursor and consists of a chemokine domain of 76 amino acids, a mucin stalk of 241 amino acids, a putative transmembrane domain of 18 amino acids, and an intracellular tail of 37 amino acids. Within the chemokine domain the first two cysteine residues are separated by 3 amino acids (CX3C). Fractalkine message is found in high abundance in the brain, kidney, lung and heart tissues. Fractalkine is chemotactic for monocytes and other leukocytes including NK cells, lymphocytes, and may play a role in brain inflammation.

References:

1. Bazan, J.F. et al. (1997) A new class of membrane-bound chemokine with a CX3C motif. Nature 385:640-644

2. Pan, Y. et al. (1997) Neurotactin, a membrane-anchored chemokine upregulated in brain inflammation. Nature 387:611-617

3. Imai, T. et al. (1997) Identification and molecular characterization of fractalkine receptor CX3CR1, which mediates both leukocyte migration and adhesion. Cell 91:521-530

Catalog Number: TP-203

Size: Purified rabbit immunoglobulins, 0.5 mg

Product Description and Usage: For research use only. This neutralizing polyclonal antibody, which reacts with recombinant and natural rat fractalkine, was generated using E. coli-expressed chemotactic domain of rat fractalkine as an immunogen. To achieve best results, titrate antibody by dilution for each application: Western blot (1:1,000-1:2,000); Immunoprecipitation (1:300-1:800);Immunohistochemistry (1:100-1:500). Less than 20 % cross-reactivity to human Fractalkine. Cross-reactivity to fractalkine of other species has not been determined.

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Background: Fractalkine, also termed neurotactin, is a membrane-bound CX3C chemokine. The mature protein is part of a 397-amino acid precursor consisting of a chemokine domain (76 amino acids), a mucin stalk of 241 residues, a putative transmembrane domain (18 amino acids), and an intracellular tail of 37 amino acids. Within the chemokine domain the first two cysteine residues are separated by 3 amino acids. Fractalkine message is found at high concentrations in the brain, and also in kidney, lung and heart. Fractalkine is chemotactic for monocytes and may play a role in brain inflammation.

References:

1. Bazan, J.F. et al. (1997) A new class of membrane-bound chemokine with a CX3C motif. Nature 385:640-644

2. Pan, Y. et al. (1997) Neurotactin, a membrane-anchored chemokine upregulated in brain inflammation. Nature 387:611-617

3. Harrison, J.K., et al. (1998) Role for neuronally derived fractalkine in mediating interactions between neurons and CX3CR1-expressing microglia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95(18):10896-10901

Catalog Number: TP-233

Size: Purified rabbit immunoglobulins, 0.5 mg

Product Description and Usage: For research use only. This neutralizing polyclonal antibody, which reacts with recombinant and natural mouse fractalkine, was generated using E. coli-expressed chemotactic domain of mouse fractalkine as an immunogen. To achieve best results, titrate antibody by dilution for each application: Western blot (1:1,000-1:2,000); Immunoprecipitation (1:300-1:800);Immunohistochemistry (1:100-1:500). Less than 30 % cross-reactivity to human and rat Fractalkine. Cross-reactivity to fractalkine of other species has not been determined.

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Background: Fractalkine, also termed neurotactin, is a membrane-bound CX3C chemokine. The mature protein is part of a 397-amino acid precursor consisting of a chemokine domain (76 amino acids), a mucin stalk of 241 residues, a putative transmembrane domain (18 amino acids), and an intracellular tail of 37 amino acids. Within the chemokine domain the first two cysteine residues are separated by 3 amino acids. Fractalkine message is found at high concentrations in the brain, and also in kidney, lung and heart. Fractalkine is chemotactic for monocytes and may play a role in brain inflammation.

References:

1. Bazan, J.F. et al. (1997) A new class of membrane-bound chemokine with a CX3C motif. Nature 385:640-644

2. Pan, Y. et al. (1997) Neurotactin, a membrane-anchored chemokine upregulated in brain inflammation. Nature 387:611-617

3. Harrison, J.K., et al. (1998) Role for neuronally derived fractalkine in mediating interactions between neurons and CX3CR1-expressing microglia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95(18):10896-10901

Catalog Number: TP240

Size: Protein A purified rabbit IgG, 0.2 mg

Product Description and Usage: For research use only. This polyclonal antibody, which reacts with rat IP-10, was generated using E. coli-expressed rat IP-10 as an immunogen. The tested titer for Western blot is 1:5,000. Cross-reactivity to IP-10 of other species has not been determined.

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Background: IP-10 (interferon-gamma induced protein 10 kD; in mouse, also called cytokine responsive gene 2, Crg-2, or mob-1) is a highly inducible, primary response gene that belongs to the CXC chemokine superfamily. It was first cloned in 19851. The biological functions of IP-10 are still unclear. Like Mig, IP-10 has no activity on neutrophils. Its functions include stimulation of monocytes, natural killer and T-cell migration, regulation of T-cell and bone marrow progenitor maturation, modulation of adhesion molecule expression as well as inhibition of angiogenesis. Mig and IP-10 share the same receptor, CXCR32,3.

References:

1. Luster, A.D., et al. (1985) Gamma-interferon transcriptionally regulates an early-response gene containing homology to platelet proteins. Nature 315(6021):672-676

2. Neville, L.F., et al. (1997) The immunobiology of interferon-gamma inducible protein 10 kD (IP-10): a novel, pleiotropic member of the C-X-C chemokine superfamily. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 8(3):207-219

3. Farber, J.M. (1997) Mig and IP-10: CXC chemokines that target lymphocytes. J Leukoc Biol. 61:246-257

Catalog Number: TP-212

Size: Purified rabbit immunoglobulins, 0.5 mg

Product Description and Usage: For research use only. This neutralizing polyclonal antibody, which reacts with recombinant and natural rat and mouse KC/CINC, was generated using E. coli-expressed amino acid 1-72 of rat KC as an immunogen. To achieve best results, titrate antibody by dilution for each application: Western blot (1:1,000-1:2,000); Immunoprecipitation (1:300-1:800);Immunohistochemistry (1:100-1:500). Cross reactivity to fractalkine of other species has not been determined.

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Background: KC, a homolog of human and hamster gro/MGSA, is a 72-amino acid CXC chemokine originally cloned from rat macrophages and lung tissue. It is the mediator for recruitment and activation of neutrophils in rat lung inflammation models. Expression of KC can be upregulated by LPS and IL-1b stimulation. IFN-gamma blocks LPS-induced expression of KC.

References:

1. Huang, S. et al. (1992) Rat KC cDNA cloning and mRNA expression in lung macrophages and fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 184:922-929

2. Frevert, C.W. et al. (1995) Functional characterization of the rat chemokine KC and its importance in neutrophil recruitment in a rat model of pulmonary inflammation.

J Immunol 154:335-344.

3. Ohmori, Y and Hamilton T.A. (1994) IFN-gamma selectively inhibits lipopolysaccha-ride-inducible JE/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and KC/GRO/melanoma growth-stimulating activity gene expression in mouse peritoneal macrophages. J Immunol 153:2204-2212

Catalog Number: TP-210

Size: Purified rabbit immunoglobulins, 0.5 mg

Product Description and Usage: For research use only. This polyclonal antibody, which reacts with rat LARC, was generated using E. coli-expressed amino acid 1-70 of mature rat LARC as an immunogen. The tested titer for Western blot is 1:2,000; a 1:500 dilution was used for immunoprecipitation. Cross-reactivity to LARC of other species has not been determined.

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Background: LARC (liver and activation-regulated chemokine, MIP-3a, Exodus-1) is a 70-amino acid CC chemokine originally identified from human histiocytic lymphoma cell line U937 and by sequence search of the EST database. This chemokine was mainly expressed in the liver and lung among various human tissues, and was also induced in several human cell lines. LARC is chemotactic for lymphocytes, weakly for neutrophils at high concentration, but not for monocytes. The LARC specific receptor has been identified as CCR6.

References:

1. Hieshima, K. et al. (1997) Molecular cloning of a novel human CC chemokine liver and activation-regulated chemokine (LARC) expressed in liver. J. Biol. Chem. 272:5846-5853

2. Power, C.A. et al. (1997) Cloning and characterization of a specific receptor for the novel CC chemokine MIP-3alpha from lung decdritic cells. J. Exp. Med. 186:825-835

3. Rossi, D.L. (1997) Identification through bioinformatics of two new macrophage proinflammatory human chemokines: MIP-3alpha and MIP-3beta. J. Immunol. 158: 1033-1036

4. Baba, M. (1997) Identification of CCR6, the specific receptor for a novel lymphocyte-directed CC chemokine LARC. J. Biol. Chem. 272:14893-14898

Catalog Number: TP-205

Size: Purified rabbit immunoglobulins, 0.2 mg

Product Description and Usage: For research use only. This neutralizing polyclonal antibody, which reacts with rat lymphotactin, was generated using E. coli-expressed amino acid 1-92 of mature rat lymphotactin as an immunogen. The tested titer for Western blot is 1:2,000; and 1:500 forimmunoprecipitation. Cross-reactivity to lymphotactin of other species has not been determined.

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Background: Lymphotactin (Ltn) is the only C chemokine so far identified which has a single cysteine near the amino terminus. It has 114 amino acids with a 22-amino acid signal peptide. Ltn is produced in activated CD8+ T cells1 and NK cell. Ltn attracts both T-lymphocytes and NK cells.

References:

1. Kelner, G.S. et al. (1994) Lymphotactin: a cytokine that represents a new class of chemokine. Science 266:1395-1399

2. Hedrick, J.A. (1997) Lymphotactin is pproduced by NK cells and attracts both NK cells and T cells in vivo. J Immunol 158:1533-1540

Catalog Number: TP-204

Size: Purified rabbit immunoglobulins, 0.2 mg

Product Description and Usage: For research use only. This neutralizing polyclonal antibody, which reacts with mouse lymphotactin, was generated using E. coli-expressed amino acid 1-92 of mature mouse lymphotactin as an immunogen. The tested titer for Western blot is 1:2,000; forimmunoprecipitation, use 1:500. Cross-reactivity to lymphotactin of other species has not been determined.

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Background: Lymphotactin is the only C chemokine so far identified which has a single cysteine residue near the amino terminus. It has 114 amino acids with a 22 amino acids signal peptide. It is produced in activated CD8+ T cells1 and NK cell. Lymphotactin attracts both T lymphocytes and NK cells.

References:

1. Kelner, G.S. et al. (1994) Lymphotactin: a cytokine that represents a new class of chemokine. Science 266:1395-1399

2. Hedrick, J.A. et al. (1997) Lymphotactin is produced by NK cells and attracts both NK cells and T cells in vivo. J Immunol 158:1533-1540

Catalog Number: TP-216

Size: Purified rabbit immunoglobulins, 0.5 mg

Product Description and Usage: For research use only. This neutralizing polyclonal antibody, which reacts with both mouse JE and rat MCP-1, was generated using E. coli-expressed mature rat MCP-1 as an immunogen. The tested titer for Western blot is 1:2,000. Cross-reactivity to MCP-1 of other species has not been determined.

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Background: Rat MCP-1/JE (monocyte chemoattracctant protein-1) is a 148-amino acid CC chemokine with a NH2-terminal sequence of 29 residues as a signal sequence. It was originally cloned from Con A-stimulated rat spleen cDNA library. This rat MCP-1/JE is 49-amino acid longer than human MCP-1 at 3'-end. This 3'-end is a serine and threonine rich zone, which is probably responsible for the extensive O-glycosylation and explains for the higher molecular weight (25 kDa). In vitro, MCP-1/JE is chemotactic for monocytes as well as lymphocytes and basophils, but not for neutrophils. MCP-1/JE is produced by a wide range of cell types as a reaction to diverse inflammatory stimuli.

References:

1. Yoshimura,T. et al. (1991) Molecular cloning of rat monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and its expression in rat spleen cells and tumor cell lines. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 174:504-509

2. Rollins, B.J. et al (1989) The human homolog of the JE gene encodes a monocyte secretory protein. Mol Cell Biol 9:4687

3. Haelens, A. et al. (1996) Leukocyte migration and activation by murine chemokines. Immunobiol 195:499-521

Catalog Number: TP-209

Size: Purified rabbit immunoglobulins, 0.5 mg

Product Description and Usage: For research use only. This neutralizing polyclonal antibody, which reacts with both mouse JE and rat MCP-1, was generated using E. coli-expressed N-terminal amino acid 1-73 of rat MCP-1 as an immunogen. The tested titer for Western blot is 1:2,000. Cross-reactivity to MCP-1 of other species has not been determined.

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Background: Rat MCP-1/JE (monocyte chemoattracctant protein-1) is an 148-amino acid CC chemokine with a NH2-terminal sequence of 29 residues as a signal sequence. It was originally cloned from Con A-stimulated rat spleen cDNA library. This rat MCP-1/JE is 49-amino acid longer than human MCP-1 at 3'-end. This 3'-end is a serine and threonine rich zone, which is probably responsible for the extensive O-glycosylation and which explains for the higher molecular weight (25 kDa). In vitro, MCP-1/JE is chemotactic for monocytes as well as lymphocytes and basophils, but not for neutrophils. MCP-1/JE is produced by a wide range of cell types as a reaction to diverse inflammatory stimuli3.

References:

1. Yoshimura,T. et al. (1991) Molecular cloning of rat monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and its expression in rat spleen cells and tumor cell lines. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 174:504-509

2. Rollins, B.J. et al (1989) The human homolog of the JE gene encodes a monocyte secretory protein. Mol Cell Biol 9:4687

3. Haelens, A. et al. (1996) Leukocyte migration and activation by murine chemokines. Immunobiol 195:499-521

Catalog Number: TP-235

Size: Purified rabbit immunoglobulins, 0.2 mg

Product Description and Usage: For research use only. This polyclonal antibody, which reacts with both mouse and rat MDC, was generated using E. coli-expressed mouse MDC as an immunogen. The tested titer for Western blot is 1:2,000. Cross-reactivity to MDC of other species has not been determined.

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Background: MDC (macrophage-derived chemokine) is a 69-amino acid CC chemokine with a NH2-terminal sequence of 24 residues as a signal sequence. It was originally cloned from human monocyte-derived macrophages. Recombinant MDC attracts monocyte-derived dendritic cells, activated lymphocytes and natural killer cells. MDC has anti-HIV-1 activity. Expression of MDC mRNA in macrophages is enhanced by LPS, IL-1b and TNFa. MDC is a functional ligand for CCR4.

References:

1. Godiska, R. et al (1997) Human macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), a novel chemoattractant for monocytes, monocyte-derived dendritic cells, and natural killer cells. J Exp Med 185:1595-1604

2. Pal, R. et al. (1997) Inhibition of HIV-1 infection by the beta-chemokine MDC. Science 278:695-698

3. Rodenburg, R.J. (1998) Expression of macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) mRNA in macrophages is enhanced by interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and lipopolysaccharide. J Leukoc Biol 63:606-611

4. Imai, T. et al. (1998) Macrophage-derived chemokine is a functional ligand for the CC chemokine receptor 4. J biol Chem 273: 1764-1768

Catalog Number: TP-238

Size: Protein A purified rabbit immunoglobulins, 0.2 mg

Product Description and Usage: For research use only. For research use only. This polyclonal antibody, which reacts with rat MDC, was generated using E. coli-expressed rat MDC as an immunogen. The tested titer for Western blot is 1:2,000. Cross-reactivity to MDC of other species has not been determined.

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Background: MDC (macrophage-derived chemokine) is a 69-amino acid CC chemokine with an NH2-terminal sequence of 24 residues as a signal sequence. It was originally cloned from human monocyte-derived macrophages1. Recombinant MDC attracts monocyte-derived dendritic cells, activated lymphocytes and natural killer cells. MDC has anti-HIV-1 activity. Expression of MDC mRNA in macrophages is enhanced by LPS, IL-1b and TNFa. MDC is a functional ligand for CCR44.

References:

1. Godiska, R. et al (1997) Human macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), a novel chemoattractant for monocytes, monocyte-derived dendritic cells, and natural killer cells. J Exp Med 185:1595-1604

2. Pal, R. et al. (1997) Inhibition of HIV-1 infection by the beta-chemokine MDC. Science 278:695-698

3. Rodenburg, R.J. (1998) Expression of macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) mRNA in macrophages is enhanced by interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and lipopolysaccharide. J Leukoc Biol 63:606-611

4. Imai, T. et al. (1998) Macrophage-derived chemokine is a functional ligand for the CC chemokine receptor 4. J biol Chem 273: 1764-1768

Catalog Number: TP-206

Size: Purified rabbit immunoglobulins, 0.5 mg

Product Description and Usage: For research use only. This polyclonal antibody, which reacts with both mouse and rat MIP-1a, was generated using E. coli-expressed amino acid 1-69 of mature rat MIP-1a as an immunogen. The dilution for Western blot is 1:2,000; and for immunoprecipitation, 1:500. Cross-reactivity to MIP-1a of other species has not been determined.

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Background: MIP-1a (macrophage inflammatory protein-1 a) is a 69-amino acid CC chemokine with a molecular weight of 7.9 kDa. MIP-1a induces migration of monocytes/macropages, B lymphocytes, activated CD8+ T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, eosinophils3,4. MIP-1a also stimulates basophils to release histamine, induces ICAM-1 expression, mast cell degranulation, and production of TNFa, IL-1 and IL-6. In addition to its proinflammatory activities, MIP-1a inhibits the proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells in vitro and in vivo.

References:

1. Davatelis, G. et al. (1988) Cloning and characterization of a cDNA for murine macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP), a novel monokine with inflammatory and chemokinetic properties. J Exp Med 167: 1939-1944

2. Wolpe, S.D. and Cerari, A. (1989) Macrophage inflammatory proteins 1 and 2: members of a novel superfamily of cytokines. FASEB J 3:2565-2573

3. Cook, D.N. (1996) The role of MIP-1a in inflammation and hematopoiesis. J Leukoc Biol 59:61-66

4. Wells, T.N.C. (1996) The molecular basis of selectivity between CC and CXC chemokines: the possibility of chemokine antagonists as anti-inflammatory agents. Ann N Y Acad Sci 796:245-256

Catalog Number: TP-207

Size: Purified rabbit immunoglobulins, 0.5 mg

Product Description and Usage: For research use only. This neutralizing polyclonal antibody, which reacts with both mouse and rat natural MIP-1b, was generated using E. coli-expressed amino acids 1-69 of mature rat MIP-1b as an immunogen. The tested titer for Western blot is 1:2,000; and 1:500 forimmunoprecipitation. Neutralization with this antibody has been tested in vitro. Cross-reactivity to MIP-1b of other species has not been determined.

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Background: MIP-1b (macrophage inflammatory protein-1 b) is a 69-amino acid CC chemokine with a molecular weight of 7.8 kDa. MIP-1b induces migration of monocytes/macropages, and activate CD4+ cells, but not NK cells and eosinophils.

References:

1. Sherry, B., et al. (1988) Resolution of the two components of macrophage inflammatory protein 1, and cloning and characterization of one of those components, macrophage inflammatory protein 1-beta. J. Exp. Med. 168:2251-2259

2. Minano, F.J. et al. (1996) Macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta (MIP-1beta) produced endogenously in brain during E. coli fever in rats. Eur. J. Neurosci. 8:424-428

3. Wolpe, S.D. and Cerari, A. (1989) Macrophage inflammatory proteins 1 and 2: members of a novel superfamily of cytokines. FASEB J 3:2565-2573

4. Wells, T.N.C. (1996) The molecular basis of selectivity between CC and CXC chemokines: the possibility of chemokine antagonists as anti-inflammatory agents. Ann N Y Acad Sci 796:245-256

Catalog Number: TP-208

Size: Purified rabbit immunoglobulins, 0.5 mg

Product Description and Usage: For research use only. This neutralizing polyclonal antibody, which reacts with both mouse and rat MIP-2, was generated using E. coli-expressed amino acid 1-69 of mature rat MIP-2 as an immunogen. The tested titer for Western blot is 1:2,000; forimmunoprecipitation is 1:500. Cross-reactivity to MIP-2 of other species has not been determined.

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Background: Rat MIP-2 (macrophage inflammatory protein-2) is a 69-amino acid CXC chemokine originally cloned from LPS-stimulated rat lung. MIP-2 is induced during acute inflammation in rat models of disease. It is a potent neutrophil chemotactic factor both in vitro and in vivo.

References:

1. Dreiscoll, K.E. et al. (1995) Cloning, expression, and functional characterization of rat MIP-2: a neutrophil chemoattractant and epithelial cell mitogen. J Leukoc Biol 58:359-364

2. Wolpe, S.D. et al. (1989) Macrophage inflammatory proteins 1 and 2: members of a novel superfamily of cytokines. FASEB J. 3: 2565-2573. Review

3. Sherry, B. et al. (1992) Macrophage inflammatory proteins 1 and 2: an overview. Cytokines 4:117-130

4. Feng, L. et al. (1995) Modulation of neutrophil influx in glomerulonephritis in the rat with anti-macrophge inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) antibody. J Clin Invest 95: (1009-1017)

5. Frevert, C.W. et al. (1995) Functional characterization of rat chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein 2. Inflammation 19: 133-142

Catalog Number: TP-211

Size: Purified rabbit immunoglobulins, 0.5 mg

Product Description and Usage: For research use only. This polyclonal antibody, which reacts with both mouse and rat RANTES, was generated using E. coli-expressed amino acid 1-70 of mature rat RANTES as an immunogen. The tested titer for Western blot is 1:1,000. Cross-reactivity to RANTES of other species has not been determined.

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Background: RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted) is a 70-amino acid CC chemokine originally cloned from T cell-specific sequences-enriched cDNA libraries. Both human and murine RANTES are chemotactic for monocytes. Human RANTES is also a chemoattractant for T cells and eosinophils, as well as an activator of basophils for histamine release. In contrast to other CC chemokines, RANTES is only slowly expressed after activation of leukocytes. It is involved in a number of pathological conditions like chronic inflammation and autoimmune diseases.

References:

1. Schall, T.J. (1988) A human T cell-specific molecule is a member of a new gene family. J Immunol. 141:1018-1025

2. Schall, T. et al. (1992) Molecular cloning and expression of the murine RANTES cytokine: structural and functional conservation between mouse and man. Eur J Immunol 22:1477

3. Neilson,E.G., et al. (1992) Isolation and characterization of cDNA from renal tubular epithelium encoding murine Rantes: A small intercrine from the Scy superfamily. Kidney Int. 41:220-225

4. Haelens, A. et al., (1996) Leukocyte migration and activation by murine chemokines. Immunobiol. 195:499-521

Catalog Number: TP-201

Size: Purified rabbit immunoglobulins, 0.2 mg

Product Description and Usage: For research use only. This polyclonal antibody, which reacts with both mouse and rat SDF-1a, was generated using E. coli-expressed mouse SDF-1a as an immunogen. The tested titer for Western blot is 1:1,000, immunoprecipitation, 1:300-500; andimmunohistochemistry, 1:100-500. Cross-reactivity to SDF-1a of other species has not been determined.

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Background: SDF-1a (stromal cell-derived factor-a), also known as pre-B-cell growth-stimulating factor (PBSF), is a 70-amino acid CXC chemokine originally cloned from a bone marrow stromal cell line. Targeted deletion of SDF-1 gene resulted in defects of B-cell lymphopoiesis and bone marrow myelopoiesis. SDF-1 has been shown to be chemotactic for lymphocytes. In addition, SDF-1 was recently reported to be a ligand for CXCR4 (LESTR/fusin), a co-receptor for HIV-1 entry into T cells. SDF-1 binding to CXCR4 inhibits HIV-1 entry.

References:

1. Tashiro, K. et al. (1993) Signal sequence trap: a cloning strategy for secreted proteins and type I membrane proteins. Science 261:600-603.

2. Nagasawa, T et al. (1994) Molecular cloning and structure of a pre-B-cell growth-stimulating factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:2305-2309.

3. Nagasawa, T. et al. (1996) Defeats of B-cell lymphopoiesis and bone-marrow myelopoiesis in mice lacking the CXC chemokine PBSF/SDF-1. Nature 328:635-638.

4. Bleul. C.C. et al. (1996) A highly efficacious lymphocyte chemoattractant, stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1). J. EXP. Med. 184:1101-1109.

5. Bleul. C.C. et al. (1996) The lymphocyte chemoattractant SDF-1 is a ligand for LESTR/fusin and blocks HIV-1 entry. Nature 382:829-833.

6. Oberlin E. et al. (1996) The CXC chemokine SDF-1 is the ligand for LESTR/fusin and prevents infection by C-cell-line-adapted HIV-1. Nature 382:833-835.

Catalog Number: TP-202

Size: Purified rabbit immunoglobulins, 0.2 mg

Product Description and Usage: For research use only. This polyclonal antibody, which reacts with both mouse and rat SDF-1b, was generated using E. coli-expressed mouse SDF-1b as an immunogen. The tested titer for Western blot is 1:1,000, immunoprecipitation, 1:300-500; andimmunohistochemistry, 1:100-500. Cross-reactivity to SDF-1b of other species has not been determined.

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Background: SDF-1b (stromal cell-derived factor-b), also known as pre-B-cell growth-stimulating factor (PBSF), is a 74-amino acid CXC chemokine originally cloned from a bone marrow stromal cell line. Targeted deletion of SDF-1 gene resulted in defects of B-cell lymphopoiesis and bone marrow myelopoiesis in mice. SDF-1 has been shown to be chemotactic for lymphocytes. In addition, SDF-1 was recently reported to be a ligand for CXCR4 (LESTR/fusin), a co-receptor for HIV-1 entry into T cells. SDF-1 binding to CXCR4 inhibits HIV-1 entry.

References:

1. Tashiro, K. et al. (1993) Signal sequence trap: a cloning strategy for secreted proteins and type I membrane proteins. Science 261:600-603.

2. Nagasawa, T et al. (1994) Molecular cloning and structure of a pre-B-cell growth-stimulating factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:2305-2309.

3. Nagasawa, T. et al. (1996) Defeats of B-cell lymphopoiesis and bone-marrow myelopoiesis in mice lacking the CXC chemokine PBSF/SDF-1. Nature 328:635-638.

4. Bleul. C.C. et al. (1996) A highly efficacious lymphocyte chemoattractant, stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1). J. EXP. Med. 184:1101-1109.

5. Bleul. C.C. et al. (1996) The lymphocyte chemoattractant SDF-1 is a ligand for LESTR/fusin and blocks HIV-1 entry. Nature 382:829-833.

6. Oberlin E. et al. (1996) The CXC chemokine SDF-1 is the ligand for LESTR/fusin and prevents infection by C-cell-line-adapted HIV-1. Nature 382:833-835.

Catalog Number: TP-239

Size: Protein A purified rabbit IgG, 0.2 mg

Product Description and Usage: For research use only. This polyclonal antibody, which reacts with rat SLC, was generated using E. coli-expressed rat SLC as an immunogen. The tested titer for Western blotis 1:5,000. Cross-reactivity to SLC of other species has not been determined.

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Background: SLC (secondary lymphoid-tissue chemokine, also called 6Ckine, TCA4, Exodus-2) is a 111-amino acid (human; 110 a.a. for mouse) CC chemokine with an NH2-terminal sequence of 23 residues as a signal sequence. It was originally cloned in 1997. Recombinant SLC attracts T-, B- cells, mature dendritic cell, but did not induce any cell migration in neutrophils or monocytes. SLC is a functional ligand for CCR7.

References:

1. Hedreck, J.A., et al. (1997) Identification and characterization of a novel beta chemokine containing six conserved cysteines. J Immunol. 159:1589-1593

2. Tanabe, S., et al. (1997) Identification of a new mouse b-chemokine, thymus-derived chemotactic agent 4, with activity on T lymphocytes and mesangial cells. J Immunol. 159:5671-5679

3. Yoshie, O. et al. (1997) Novel lymphocyte-specific CC chemokines and their receptors. J Leukoc Biol. 62:634-644

4. Chan, V.W., et al. (1999) Secondary lymphoid-tissue chemokine (SLC) is chemotactic for mature dendritic cells. Blood. 93:3610-3616

5. Campbell, J.J., et al. (1998) 6-C-kine (SLC), a lymphocyte adhesion-triggering chemokine expressed by high endothelium, is an agonist for the MIP-3b receptor CCR7. J Cell Biol. 141:1053-1059

Catalog Number: TP-501

Size: Purified rabbit immunoglobulins, 0.2 mg

Product Description and Usage: For research use only. This neutralizing polyclonal antibody, which reacts with recombinant and natural rat CX3CR1, was generated using E. coli-expressed rat CX3CR1 amino terminal domain as an immunogen. The neutralization function was determined in calcium mobilization assays. To achieve best results, titrate antibody by dilution for each application: Western blot (1:1,000-1:2,000); immunoprecipitation (1:300-1:800); immunohistochemistry (1:100-1:500). Cross reactivity to CX3CR1 of other species has not been determined.

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Background: Fractalkine, also termed neurotactin, is a membrane-bound CX3C chemokine. Rat CX3CR1, also named RBS11, was first cloned from rat brainstem, pituitary and/or spinal cord cDNA libraries. A G-protein-coupled seven-transmembrane domain receptor, it was recently identified to serve as fractalkine receptor. The human equivalent receptor is known as V28, which has been shown to mediate both the adhesive and migratory functions of fractalkine. Fractalkine and CX3CR1 represent new types of leukocyte trafficking regulators.

References:

1. Bazan, J.F. et al. (1997) A new class of membrane-bound chemokine with a CX3C motif. Nature 385:640-644

2. Harrison, J.K. et al. (1994) cDNA cloning of a G-protein-coupled receptor expressed in rat spinal cord and brain related to chemokine receptors. Neurosci Lett 169:85-89

3. Imai, T. et al. (1997) Identification and molecular characterization of fractalkine receptor CX3CR1, which mediates both leukocyte migration and adhesion. Cell 91:521-530

Catalog Number: TP502

Size: Purified rabbit immunoglobulins, 0.2 mg

Product Description and Usage: For research use only. This polyclonal antibody, which reacts with recombinant and natural human and rat CX3CR1, was generated using E. coli-expressed human CX3CR1 amino terminal domain as an immunogen. To achieve best results, titrate antibody by dilution for each application: Western blot (1:2,000-1:5,000); immunoprecipitation (1:300-1:800);immunohistochemistry (1:100-1:500). Cross reactivity to CX3CR1 of other species has not been determined.

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Background: Fractalkine, also termed neurotactin, is a membrane-bound CX3C chemokine¹. human CX3CR1, also named V28, was first cloned from human genomic DNA libraries². A G-protein-coupled seven-transmembrane domain receptor, it was recently identified to serve as fractalkine receptor^3,4. Human CX3CR1 has been shown to mediate both the adhesive and migratory functions of fractalkine. Fractalkine and CX3CR1 represent new types of leukocyte trafficking regulators.

References:

1. Bazan, J.F. et al. (1997) A new class of membrane-bound chemokine with a CX3C motif. Nature 385:640-644

2. Harrison, J.K. et al. (1994) cDNA cloning of a G-protein-coupled receptor expressed in rat spinal cord and brain related to chemokine receptors. Neurosci Lett 169:85-89

3. Imai, T. et al. (1997) Identification and molecular characterization of fractalkine receptor CX3CR1, which mediates both leukocyte migration and adhesion. Cell 91:521-530

4. Combadiere, C. et al. (1998) Identification of CX3CR1. A chemotactic receptor for the human CX3C chemokine fractalkine and a fusion coreceptor for HIV. J Biol Chem 273(37):23799-23804

Catalog Number: TP-503

Size: Purified rabbit immunoglobulins, 0.2 mg

Product Description and Usage: For research use only. This polyclonal antibody, which reacts with both rat and mouse CXCR4, was generated using E. coli-expressed rat CXCR4 as an immunogen. The tested titer for Western blot is 1:2,000. Cross-reactivity to CXCR4 of other species has not been determined.

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Background: CXCR4 (fusin) is a members in the seven-transmembrane domain G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor family. The full-length cDNA was isolated from a human spleen cDNA library1. Its ligand is chemokine stroma-derived factor (SDF). CXCR4 has been shown to be the co-receptor for HIV-1 binding to CD4 through the viral envelope glycoprotein gp1202. In other cases, CXCR4 can function as the only receptor for the interaction of HIV-2 with CD4 and host cells3. A mouse monoclonal antibody (12G5) to CXCR4 has been shown to inhibit HIV infectivity and HIV-induced syncytium.

References:

1. Federsppiel, B. et al. (1993) Molecular cloning of the cDNA and chromosomal localization of the gene for a putative seven-transmembrane segment (7-TMS) receptor isolated form human spleen. Genomics 16 (3): 707-12

2. Nagasawa, T. et al. (1998) A novel CXC chemokine PBSF/SDF-1 and its receptor CXCR4: their functions in development, hematopoiesis and HIV. Semin Immunol 10 (3): 179-85

3. Mcknight, A. et al. (1997) Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Fusion by a Monoclonal Antibody to a Coreceptor (CXCR4) Is both Cell Type and Virus Strain Dependent. J. Virol., 71 (2): 1692-1696

Catalog Number: TP-504

Size: Purified rabbit immunoglobulins, 0.2 mg

Product Description and Usage: For research use only. This polyclonal antibody, which reacts with the human C3a receptor, was generated using E. coli-expressed human C3a receptor fragment (amino acids 161-332, corresponding to its second extracellular loop) as an immunogen. The antibody recognizes C3a receptor expressed in leukocytes and in transfected cells using flow cytometry.

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Background: C3a is an anaphylatoxin generated through activation of the complement C3. C3a is a potent chemoattractant for phagocytes, and it stimulates chemotaxis and other leukocyte functions. C3a binds to eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, and differentiated U937 cells, that all express receptors for C3a on their cell surface. The C3a receptor has been cloned and shown to be a G protein-coupled receptor with seven putative transmembrane domains^1,2. This receptor is characterized for its large extracellular loop between the fourth and fifth transmembrane domains³. The loop can be readily detected using the rabbit anti-C3a receptor antibody.

References:

1. Crass, T, et al. (1996) Expression cloning of the human C3a anaphylatoxin receptor (C3aR) from differentiated U-937 cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 26:1944-50.

2. Ames, R.S., et al. (1996) Molecular cloning and characterization of the human anaphylatoxin C3a receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 23:20231-4.

3. Roglic S. et al., (1996) cDNA cloning of a novel G protein-coupled receptor with a large extracellular loop structure. Biochim. Bioiphys. Acta 1305:39-43.

Catalog Number: TP-505

Size: Purified rabbit immunoglobulins, 0.2 mg

Product Description and Usage: For research use only. This polyclonal antibody, which reacts with the KSHV GPCR, was generated using an E. coli-expressed KSHV GPCR N-terminal fragment (amino acids 1-41) as immunogen. The antibody recognizes the KSHV GPCR expressed in transfected cells usingflow cytometry.

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Background: Kaposi's carcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV, or human herpesvirus 8, HHV8), is a gamma herpesvirus that contain an open reading frame encoding a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) with putative 7 transmembrane domains. This GPCR has been shown to bind a number of chemokines including IL-8, NAP-2, PF-4, MGSA/Groa, I-309, RANTES, MCP-1, and MIP-1b¹. The receptor is constitutively activated without chemokine binding, and it stimulates cell proliferation1. KSHV GPCR is also a viral oncogene that stimulates angio-genesis through induction of VEGF expression². IP-10, a chemokine, can inhibit constitutively activated KSHV GPCR³.

References:

1. 1. Arvanitakis L., et al. (1997) Human herpesvirus KSHV encodes a constitutively activated G-protein-coupled receptor linked to cell proliferation. Nature 385:347-350.

2. Bais, C., et al. (1998) C-protein-coupled receptor for Kaposi's carcoma-associated herpesvirus is a viral oncogene and angiogenesis activator. Nature 391:86-89.

3. Geras-Raaka, E., et al. (1998) Human interferon-gamma-inducible protein (IP-10) inhibits constitutive signaling of Kaposi's carcoma-associated herpesvirus G protein-coupled receptor. J. Exp. Med. 188:405-408.