Botulinum Toxins
Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) are among the most toxic substances known to man. Seven immunologically distinct serotypes of neurotoxin, designated types A through G (BoNT/A, BoNT/B, BoNT/C, BoNT/D, BoNT/E, BoNT/F, BoNT/G), have been identified. These botulinum neurotoxins are naturally produced complexed with one or more nontoxic neurotoxin-associated proteins (NAPs). NAPs are important to toxicity by ingestion in that they protect the neurotoxin from proteases, acidity, heat and they may also play a role in translocation across the mucosal layer.
Synthesized as single 150 kDa polypeptide chains, the actual neurotoxin portion of the complex is subsequently activated by cleavage to produce two chains, a heavy chain and a light chain, which are linked by a single disulfide bond. For each toxin, the 50 kDa light chain is a zinc-dependent protease, which cleaves a single target protein essential for synaptic vesicle membrane fusion during neurotransmission. Neurotoxin types A, C, and E specifically bind to and selectively cleave the synaptosome-associated protein, SNAP-25 while types B, D, F and G cleave synaptobrevin-2, also known as VAMP-2. Cleavage of the target protein inhibits neurotransmitter release among neurons, which leads to muscular paralysis.
Botulinum Neurotoxin Toxicity
Each toxin is easily divided into three domains that reflect the three functions important for toxicity; binding, translocation, and cleavage of a specific substrate. The heavy chain is responsible for recognizing both a specific ganglioside and a specific protein receptor on the presynaptic membrane. The translocation domain portion of the heavy chain mediates the passage of light chain across the endosomal membrane and finally the target protein is cleaved by the enzymatic domain.
Use of Botulinum Neurotoxin in Research
Botulinum neurotoxins are valuable research tools in studies aimed at elucidating the mechanisms involved in vesicle trafficking and the extreme toxicity, as well as in gaining an understanding of the underlying events of synaptic transmission. In addition to studies with the 150 kD holotoxin, recombinant nontoxic heavy chains can be used to evaluate the binding properties of the toxins and the recombinant nontoxic light chains can be used to screen for inhibition of the enzymatic activity of the protease domain.
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Anti-Botulinum Neurotoxin, Type A (Chicken lgY)
Anti-Botulinum Neurotoxin, Type A (Chicken lgY)
#730A
Anti-Botulinum Neurotoxin, Type A
(Mouse lgG monoclonal F1-40), Frozen Liquid
Anti-Botulinum Neurotoxin, Type A
(Mouse lgG monoclonal F1-40), Frozen Liquid
#731L
Anti-Botulinum Neurotoxin, Type B (Chicken lgY)
Anti-Botulinum Neurotoxin, Type B (Chicken lgY)
#736A
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A
from Clostridium botulinum
or
QD Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A
from Clostridium botulinum
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A
from Clostridium botulinum
or
QD Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A
from Clostridium botulinum
#130A, #130B
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Complex
from Clostridium botulinum
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Complex
from Clostridium botulinum
#128A, #128C
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Heavy Chain, Recombinant, Binding Domain
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Heavy Chain, Recombinant, Binding Domain
#612A
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Heavy Chain, Recombinant, Binding Domain, GST Fusion
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Heavy Chain, Recombinant, Binding Domain, GST Fusion
#613A
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Light Chain, Recombinant
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Light Chain, Recombinant
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Light Chain, Recombinant, GST Fusion
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Light Chain, Recombinant, GST Fusion
#611A
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Toxoid
from Clostridium botulinum
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Toxoid
from Clostridium botulinum
#133L (Liquid)
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type B Complex, Nicked,
from Clostridium botulinum
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type B Complex, Nicked,
from Clostridium botulinum
#138A, #138B
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type B Heavy Chain, Recombinant, Binding Domain
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type B Heavy Chain, Recombinant, Binding Domain
#622A
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type B Heavy Chain, Recombinant, Binding Domain, GST Fusion
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type B Heavy Chain, Recombinant, Binding Domain, GST Fusion
#623A
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type B Light Chain, Recombinant
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type B Light Chain, Recombinant
#620A
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type B Toxoid
from Clostridium botulinum
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type B Toxoid
from Clostridium botulinum
#139
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type B, Nicked,
from Clostridium botulinum
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type B, Nicked,
from Clostridium botulinum
#136A, #136B
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type C Light Chain, Recombinant
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type C Light Chain, Recombinant
#625A
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type D Light Chain, Recombinant
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type D Light Chain, Recombinant
#630A
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type D, Nicked, Recombinant
from Clostridium botulinum
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type D, Nicked, Recombinant
from Clostridium botulinum
#146A
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type E Complex, Nicked,
from Clostridium botulinum
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type E Complex, Nicked,
from Clostridium botulinum
#140A, #140B
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type E Light Chain, Recombinant
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type E Light Chain, Recombinant
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type E, Nicked,
from Clostridium botulinum
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type E, Nicked,
from Clostridium botulinum
#141A
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type F Light Chain, Recombinant
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type F Light Chain, Recombinant
Calibration Fluorophore for VAMPtide? 540 Substrate
for C. botulinum Type B Neurotoxin
Calibration Fluorophore for VAMPtide? 540 Substrate
for C. botulinum Type B Neurotoxin
#549
Control Peptide for SNAPtide? 520 Substrate
for C. botulinum Type A Neurotoxin
Control Peptide for SNAPtide? 520 Substrate
for C. botulinum Type A Neurotoxin
#525
GST Synaptobrevin-2 Protein Substrate
for C. botulinum Types B, D, and F
GST Synaptobrevin-2 Protein Substrate
for C. botulinum Types B, D, and F
#510A
Receptor forClostridium botulinumType A Neurotoxin, GST-SV2c luminal domain
Receptor forClostridium botulinumType A Neurotoxin, GST-SV2c luminal domain
#690B
SNAP Etide? Peptide Substrate (o-Abz/Dnp)
for C. botulinum Type E Neurotoxin
SNAP Etide? Peptide Substrate (o-Abz/Dnp)
for C. botulinum Type E Neurotoxin
#550
SNAP-25 Recombinant Protein Substrate
for C. botulinum Types A and E Neurotoxin
SNAP-25 Recombinant Protein Substrate
for C. botulinum Types A and E Neurotoxin
#500A
SNAPtide? Peptide Substrate (FITC/DABCYL)
for C. botulinum Type A Neurotoxin
SNAPtide? Peptide Substrate (FITC/DABCYL)
for C. botulinum Type A Neurotoxin
#521
SNAPtide? Peptide Substrate (o-Abz/Dnp)
for C. botulinum Type A Neurotoxin
SNAPtide? Peptide Substrate (o-Abz/Dnp)
for C. botulinum Type A Neurotoxin
#520
SNAPtide? Peptide Substrate flP6(DABCYL/5-IAF)
for C. botulinum Type A Neurotoxin
SNAPtide? Peptide Substrate flP6(DABCYL/5-IAF)
for C. botulinum Type A Neurotoxin
#523
SYNTAXtide? (o-Abz/Dnp) Peptide Substrate
for C. botulinum Type C Neurotoxin
SYNTAXtide? (o-Abz/Dnp) Peptide Substrate
for C. botulinum Type C Neurotoxin
#560
Unquenched Calibration Peptide for SNAPtide? 520 Substrate for C. botulinum Type A Neurotoxin
Unquenched Calibration Peptide for SNAPtide? 520 Substrate for C. botulinum Type A Neurotoxin
#529
Unquenched Calibration Peptide for SNAPtide? 521 Substrate for C. botulinum Type A Neurotoxin
Unquenched Calibration Peptide for SNAPtide? 521 Substrate for C. botulinum Type A Neurotoxin
#528
VAMPtide? Peptide Substrate (FITC/DABCYL) Substrate
for C. botulinum Type B Neurotoxin
VAMPtide? Peptide Substrate (FITC/DABCYL) Substrate
for C. botulinum Type B Neurotoxin
#541
VAMPtide? Peptide Substrate (o-Abz/Dnp) Substrate
for C. botulinum Type B Neurotoxin
VAMPtide? Peptide Substrate (o-Abz/Dnp) Substrate
for C. botulinum Type B Neurotoxin
#540
